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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


NAME
       g++ - GNU project C++ Compiler



SYNOPSIS
       g++ [option | filename ]...

DESCRIPTION
       The C and C++ compilers are integrated; g++ is a script to
       call gcc with options to  recognize  C++.   gcc  processes
       input  files  through  one or more of four stages: prepro-
       cessing, compilation, assembly,  and  linking.   This  man
       page  contains  full  descriptions  for  only C++ specific
       aspects of the compiler, though it also contains summaries
       of some general-purpose options.  For a fuller explanation
       of the compiler, see gcc(1).

       C++ source files use one  of  the  suffixes  `.C',  `.cc',
       `.cxx',  `.cpp', or `.c++'; preprocessed C++ files use the
       suffix `.ii'.

OPTIONS
       There are many command-line options, including options  to
       control details of optimization, warnings, and code gener-
       ation, which are common to both gcc  and  g++.   For  full
       information on all options, see gcc(1).

       Options  must  be  separate: `-dr' is quite different from
       `-d -r '.

       Most `-f' and `-W' options have two contrary forms: -fname
       and  -fno-name  (or  -Wname  and -Wno-name). Only the non-
       default forms are shown here.


       -c     Compile or assemble the source files,  but  do  not
              link.  The compiler output is an object file corre-
              sponding to each source file.

       -Dmacro
              Define macro macro with the string `1' as its defi-
              nition.

       -Dmacro=defn
              Define macro macro as defn.

       -E     Stop  after the preprocessing stage; do not run the
              compiler proper.  The output is preprocessed source
              code, which is sent to the standard output.

       -fall-virtual
              Treat  all  possible  member  functions as virtual,
              implicitly.  All member functions (except for  con-
              structor  functions and new or delete member opera-
              tors) are treated as virtual functions of the class



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


              where they appear.

              This  does  not mean that all calls to these member
              functions will be made through the  internal  table
              of  virtual  functions.   Under some circumstances,
              the compiler can determine that a call to  a  given
              virtual  function  can  be  made directly; in these
              cases the calls are direct in any case.

       -fdollars-in-identifiers
              Permit the use of `$' in identifiers.   Traditional
              C allowed the character `$' to form part of identi-
              fiers; by default, GNU C also  allows  this.   How-
              ever,  ANSI  C  forbids `$' in identifiers, and GNU
              C++ also forbids it by default  on  most  platforms
              (though  on  some platforms it's enabled by default
              for GNU C++ as well).

       -felide-constructors
              Use this option to  instruct  the  compiler  to  be
              smarter  about  when  it  can  elide  constructors.
              Without this flag, GNU C++ and cfront both generate
              effectively the same code for:

              A foo ();
              A x (foo ());   // x initialized by `foo ()', no ctor called
              A y = foo ();   // call to `foo ()' heads to tempo-
              rary,
                              // y is initialized from the tempo-
              rary.

              Note the difference!  With this flag, GNU C++  ini-
              tializes `y' directly from the call to foo () with-
              out going through a temporary.

       -fenum-int-equiv
              Normally GNU C++ allows conversion of enum to  int,
              but  not  the other way around.  Use this option if
              you want GNU C++ to allow conversion of int to enum
              as well.

       -fexternal-templates
              Produce  smaller code for template declarations, by
              generating only a  single  copy  of  each  template
              function  where  it is defined.  To use this option
              successfully, you must also mark all files that use
              templates with either `#pragma implementation' (the
              definition) or `#pragma interface'  (declarations).

              When     your     code     is     compiled     with
              `-fexternal-templates', all template instantiations
              are  external.   You must arrange for all necessary
              instantiations  to  appear  in  the  implementation
              file;   you   can  do  this  with  a  typedef  that



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


              references each instantiation needed.   Conversely,
              when   you   compile   using   the  default  option
              `-fno-external-templates', all template  instantia-
              tions are explicitly internal.

       -fno-gnu-linker
              Do  not  output global initializations (such as C++
              constructors and destructors) in the form  used  by
              the  GNU linker (on systems where the GNU linker is
              the standard method of handling  them).   Use  this
              option when you want to use a non-GNU linker, which
              also requires using the collect2  program  to  make
              sure  the  system  linker includes constructors and
              destructors.  (collect2 is included in the  GNU  CC
              distribution.)   For  systems  which  must use col-
              lect2, the compiler driver gcc is configured to  do
              this automatically.

       -fmemoize-lookups

       -fsave-memoized
              These flags are used to get the compiler to compile
              programs faster using heuristics.  They are not  on
              by default since they are only effective about half
              the time.  The other half of the time programs com-
              pile more slowly (and take more memory).

              The  first time the compiler must build a call to a
              member function (or reference to a data member), it
              must  (1)  determine  whether  the class implements
              member functions of that name;  (2)  resolve  which
              member  function  to  call (which involves figuring
              out what sorts  of  type  conversions  need  to  be
              made);  and  (3) check the visibility of the member
              function to the caller.  All of  this  adds  up  to
              slower  compilation.   Normally,  the second time a
              call is made to that member function (or  reference
              to  that  data member), it must go through the same
              lengthy process again.  This means that  code  like
              this

                cout << "This " << p << " has " << n << " legs.\n";

              makes six passes through all three steps.  By using
              a  software  cache, a ``hit'' significantly reduces
              this cost.  Unfortunately, using the  cache  intro-
              duces  another  layer  of  mechanisms which must be
              implemented,  and  so  incurs  its  own   overhead.
              `-fmemoize-lookups' enables the software cache.

              Because  access  privileges (visibility) to members
              and member functions may differ from  one  function
              context  to  the  next,  g++  may need to flush the
              cache. With the `-fmemoize-lookups' flag, the cache



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


              is  flushed  after every function that is compiled.
              The `-fsave-memoized' flag enables the  same  soft-
              ware  cache,  but when the compiler determines that
              the context of the  last  function  compiled  would
              yield  the same access privileges of the next func-
              tion to compile, it preserves the cache.   This  is
              most  helpful  when  defining many member functions
              for the same class: with the  exception  of  member
              functions  which are friends of other classes, each
              member function has exactly the same access  privi-
              leges  as  every  other,  and the cache need not be
              flushed.

       -fno-default-inline
              Do not make  member  functions  inline  by  default
              merely  because  they  are defined inside the class
              scope.  Otherwise,  when  you  specify  -O,  member
              functions  defined  inside class scope are compiled
              inline by default; i.e.,  you  don't  need  to  add
              `inline' in front of the member function name.

       -fno-strict-prototype
              Consider the declaration int foo ();.  In C++, this
              means that the function foo takes no arguments.  In
              ANSI  C, this is declared int foo(void);.  With the
              flag `-fno-strict-prototype',  declaring  functions
              with  no  arguments  is equivalent to declaring its
              argument list to be untyped, i.e., int foo  ();  is
              equivalent to saying int foo (...);.

       -fnonnull-objects
              Normally,  GNU  C++  makes conservative assumptions
              about  objects  reached  through  references.   For
              example,  the  compiler  must check that `a' is not
              null in code like the following:
                  obj &a = g ();
                  a.f (2);
              Checking that references of this sort have non-null
              values  requires  extra  code,  however,  and it is
              unnecessary  for  many  programs.   You   can   use
              `-fnonnull-objects' to omit the checks for null, if
              your program doesn't require the default  checking.

       -fhandle-signatures

       -fno-handle-signatures
              These options control the recognition of the signa-
              ture and sigof constructs for  specifying  abstract
              types.  By default, these constructs are not recog-
              nized.

       -fthis-is-variable
              The incorporation of user-defined free  store  man-
              agement  into  C++  has  made assignment to this an



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


              anachronism.  Therefore, by default GNU C++  treats
              the type of this in a member function of class X to
              be X *const.  In other  words,  it  is  illegal  to
              assign  to  this  within  a  class member function.
              However,  for  backwards  compatibility,  you   can
              invoke     the     old     behavior     by    using
              `-fthis-is-variable'.

       -g     Produce debugging information in the operating sys-
              tem's native format (for DBX or SDB or DWARF).  GDB
              also can work with this debugging information.   On
              most  systems that use DBX format, `-g' enables use
              of extra debugging information that  only  GDB  can
              use.

              Unlike most other C compilers, GNU CC allows you to
              use `-g' with `-O'.  The shortcuts taken  by  opti-
              mized  code  may  occasionally  produce  surprising
              results: some variables you declared may not  exist
              at  all; flow of control may briefly move where you
              did not expect it; some statements may not be  exe-
              cuted  because  they  compute  constant  results or
              their values were already at hand; some  statements
              may  execute  in different places because they were
              moved out of loops.

              Nevertheless it proves possible to debug  optimized
              output.   This makes it reasonable to use the opti-
              mizer for programs that might have bugs.

       -Idir   Append directory dir to the  list  of  directories
              searched for include files.

       -Ldir   Add directory dir to the list of directories to be
              searched for `-l'.

       -llibrary
               Use the library named library when linking.   (C++
              programs often require `-lg++' for successful link-
              ing.)

       -nostdinc
              Do not search the standard system  directories  for
              header files.  Only the directories you have speci-
              fied with -I options (and the current directory, if
              appropriate) are searched.

       -nostdinc++
              Do  not  search  for  header  files in the standard
              directories specific to C++, but  do  still  search
              the  other  standard  directories.  (This option is
              used when building libg++.)

       -O     Optimize.  Optimizing  compilation  takes  somewhat



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


              more  time, and a lot more memory for a large func-
              tion.

       -o file
               Place output in file file.

       -S     Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do  not
              assemble.  The output is an assembler code file for
              each non-assembler input file specified.

       -traditional
              Attempt to support some aspects  of  traditional  C
              compilers.

              Specifically, for both C and C++ programs:

          -   In the preprocessor, comments convert to nothing at
              all, rather than to a space.   This  allows  tradi-
              tional token concatenation.

          -   In the preprocessor, macro arguments are recognized
              within string constants in a macro definition  (and
              their  values are stringified, though without addi-
              tional quote marks, when they appear in such a con-
              text).   The preprocessor always considers a string
              constant to end at a newline.

          -   The  preprocessor  does  not  predefine  the  macro
              __STDC__  when  you  use  `-traditional', but still
              predefines__GNUC__ (since the GNU extensions  indi-
              cated    by    __GNUC__   are   not   affected   by
              `-traditional').  If you need to write header files
              that   work   differently   depending   on  whether
              `-traditional' is in use, by testing both of  these
              predefined  macros  you can distinguish four situa-
              tions: GNU C, traditional GNU C, other ANSI C  com-
              pilers, and other old C compilers.


          -   String  ``constants'' are not necessarily constant;
              they are stored in writable  space,  and  identical
              looking constants are allocated separately.

              For  C++  programs only (not C), `-traditional' has
              one additional effect: assignment to this  is  per-
              mitted.    This  is  the  same  as  the  effect  of
              `-fthis-is-variable'.

       -Umacro
              Undefine macro macro.

       -Wall  Issue warnings  for  conditions  which  pertain  to
              usage  that  we  recommend  avoiding  and  that  we
              believe is easy to avoid, even in conjunction  with



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


              macros.

       -Wenum-clash
              Warn  when converting between different enumeration
              types.

       -Woverloaded-virtual
              In a derived  class,  the  definitions  of  virtual
              functions  must  match the type signature of a vir-
              tual function declared in the base class.  Use this
              option  to  request  warnings  when a derived class
              declares  a  function  that  may  be  an  erroneous
              attempt to define a virtual function: that is, warn
              when a function with the same  name  as  a  virtual
              function  in the base class, but with a type signa-
              ture that doesn't match any virtual functions  from
              the base class.

       -Wtemplate-debugging
              When  using  templates  in  a  C++ program, warn if
              debugging is not yet fully available.

       -w     Inhibit all warning messages.

       +eN    Control how virtual function definitions are  used,
              in a fashion compatible with cfront 1.x.



PRAGMAS
       Two  `#pragma'  directives  are  supported for GNU C++, to
       permit using the same header file for two purposes:  as  a
       definition  of  interfaces to a given object class, and as
       the full definition of the contents of that object  class.

       #pragma interface
              Use  this  directive  in  header  files that define
              object classes, to save space in most of the object
              files  that  use  those  classes.   Normally, local
              copies of certain  information  (backup  copies  of
              inline member functions, debugging information, and
              the internal tables that  implement  virtual  func-
              tions)  must  be  kept  in  each  object  file that
              includes  class  definitions.   You  can  use  this
              pragma  to  avoid  such duplication.  When a header
              file containing `#pragma interface' is included  in
              a  compilation, this auxiliary information will not
              be generated (unless the  main  input  source  file
              itself  uses  `#pragma  implementation').  Instead,
              the object files  will  contain  references  to  be
              resolved at link time.

       #pragma implementation




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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


       #pragma implementation "objects.h"
              Use this pragma in a main input file, when you want
              full output from included header files to be gener-
              ated  (and  made  globally  visible).  The included
              header  file,  in   turn,   should   use   `#pragma
              interface'.   Backup  copies of inline member func-
              tions,  debugging  information,  and  the  internal
              tables  used to implement virtual functions are all
              generated in implementation files.

              If you use `#pragma implementation' with  no  argu-
              ment,  it  applies to an include file with the same
              basename as  your  source  file;  for  example,  in
              `allclass.cc',  `#pragma  implementation' by itself
              is   equivalent    to    `#pragma    implementation
              "allclass.h"'.  Use the string argument if you want
              a single implementation file to include  code  from
              multiple header files.

              There  is no way to split up the contents of a sin-
              gle header file into multiple implementation files.

FILES
       file.h             C header (preprocessor) file
       file.i             preprocessed C source file
       file.C             C++ source file
       file.cc            C++ source file
       file.cxx           C++ source file
       file.s             assembly language file
       file.o             object file
       a.out              link edited output
       TMPDIR/cc*         temporary files
       LIBDIR/cpp         preprocessor
       LIBDIR/cc1plus     compiler
       LIBDIR/collect     linker   front   end   needed  on  some
       machines
       LIBDIR/libgcc.a    GCC subroutine library
       /lib/crt[01n].o    start-up routine
       LIBDIR/ccrt0       additional start-up routine for C++
       /lib/libc.a        standard C library, see intro(3)
       /usr/include       standard directory for #include files
       LIBDIR/include     standard  gcc  directory  for  #include
       files
       LIBDIR/g++-include additional g++ directory for #include

       LIBDIR is usually /usr/local/lib/machine/version.
       TMPDIR comes from the environment variable TMPDIR (default
       /usr/tmp if available, else /tmp).

SEE ALSO
       gcc(1), cpp(1),  as(1),  ld(1),  gdb(1),  adb(1),  dbx(1),
       sdb(1).
       `gcc', `cpp', `as',`ld', and `gdb' entries in info.
       Using  and  Porting  GNU  CC (for version 2.0), Richard M.



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G++(1)                      GNU Tools                      G++(1)


       Stallman; The C Preprocessor, Richard M. Stallman;  Debug-
       ging  with  GDB: the GNU Source-Level Debugger, Richard M.
       Stallman and Roland H. Pesch; Using as: the GNU Assembler,
       Dean  Elsner, Jay Fenlason & friends; gld: the GNU linker,
       Steve Chamberlain and Roland Pesch.


BUGS
       For instructions on how to report bugs, see the  GCC  man-
       ual.


COPYING
       Copyright  (c)  1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation,
       Inc.

       Permission is granted  to  make  and  distribute  verbatim
       copies  of  this  manual provided the copyright notice and
       this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified ver-
       sions  of  this  manual  under the conditions for verbatim
       copying, provided that the entire resulting  derived  work
       is  distributed  under  the  terms  of a permission notice
       identical to this one.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute  translations
       of this manual into another language, under the above con-
       ditions for modified versions, except that this permission
       notice  may  be  included  in translations approved by the
       Free  Software  Foundation  instead  of  in  the  original
       English.

AUTHORS
       See the GNU CC Manual for the contributors to GNU CC.






















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Source: OpenBSD 2.6 man pages. Copyright: Portions are copyrighted by BERKELEY
SOFTWARE DESIGN, INC., The Regents of the University of California, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Free Software Foundation, FreeBSD Inc., and others.



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